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Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 13, Case 188 (interviewer J.B., type A4). Male, 25, Byelorussian, Student. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 29. 31

But if you own only 2 hectares and have money and hire other people to work, then you are a kulak. Even if you paid the workers well, it was called exploitation. They called you a kulak. (Could you tell me in some detail how this influenced your life?)

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 29, Case 634 (interviewer K.G., type A4). Male, 35, Ukrainian, Garage worker. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 18. 18

They took it all away, and told him he could work in a factory if he wanted. (Was he a kulak?) Yes. By their law he was considered a kulak, because he had private property. (Was it written on his documents?) Yes. All the time.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 10, Case 133 (interviewer A.D., type A4). Male, 27, Ukrainian, Tractorist. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 32. 33

(What did they do with the kulaks?) In 1929 to '31 they sent away the big ones. The small kulaks remained. (Are they in any way different from the other peasants?)

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 29, Case 634 (interviewer K.G., type A4). Male, 35, Ukrainian, Garage worker. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 42. 42

(How, again, did the Soviet power persecute you?) First, because I was a kulak. My father was a kulak. And secondly, as the son of a kulak, I could never occupy responsible posts. That's why. (After the war, did you ever think of going back?)

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 34, Case 494/(NY)1434 (interviewer G.L., type A4). Male, 47, Ukrainian, Village school teacher (headmaster). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 49. 49

Nikolayev refused to take the Order, saying that he was unworthy of it, since he was a kulak. At this moment Stalin approached Nikolajev and, kissing him, said "the son should not be made responsible for his father." This act marked a change in the attitude to former kulaks.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule B, Vol. 7, Case 106 (interviewer M.L.). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 21. 21

Seytibragim Seyt Yakhya, born 1892 in Otuzy village- wrote a report of his experience: "On December 1929, 30 families were arrested in the village of Otuzy. I was not a kulak but a podkulachnik, and was tried on the basis of Article 58, Paragraph 10 - as an agitator against the collective farms. I was sentenced for 5 years.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 23, Case 471 (interviewer K.G., type A4). Male, 35, Great Russian, Lumberjack. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 21. 21

I wanted to but when father was exiled I couldn't go into higher schools because I was the son of a kulak. (But your father was a middle peasant.) He was not a kulak, but he was exiled and once he was exiled they took him for a kulak.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 13, Case 188 (interviewer J.B., type A4). Male, 25, Byelorussian, Student. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 7. 9

No 188 JB HARVARD UNIVERSITY REFUGEE INTERVIEW PROJECT -7- Work Section my father was a kulak, and even though I studied well, others used to point at me and say, hey you, son of a kulak. These sons of Party people used to do this to me.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 9, Case 115 (interviewer A.P., type A4). Male, 36, Great Russian, worker & foreman in aviation plant. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 26. 26

# 115 AP HARVARD UNIVERSITY REFUGEE INTERVIEW PROJECT -26- Government Section a kulak. "Well, you should know what kind of a kulak he was He had three horses and a small butter-plant. He had some cattle, I think three or four horned cattle.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 34, Case 148/(NY)1398 (interviewer W.T., type A4). Female, 45, Ukrainian, Railroad worker. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 13. 13

Sometimes the speakers told those present to watch the enemies of the working class, especially the kulaks. I only laughed then because, at that time, many former kulaks were present at the meetings as railroad workers.