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Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 8, Case 107 (interviewer A.D., type A4). Female, 57, Great Russian, Peasant, housewife, unskilled worker. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 28. 28

For her what she calls the Soviet regime, properly speaking begins about 1929. As a kulak (and to her the term kulak is not a derogatory word, but one full of pride and positive meanings, almost filled with a sense of corporate class solidarity) the kulaks were "exterminated as a class".

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 14, Case 189 (interviewer A.P., type A4). Male, 29, Great Russian, Student and sport director. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 66. 65

There were many differences among the Party. Bukharin thought that the kulak will grow into socialism. If Bukharin or Rykov had won, Russia would not have gotten one of the most terrible blows it received.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule B, Vol. 1, Case 53 (interviewer H.D.). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 6. 6

And then another official said well, I am not allowed to give you any land, but I give you permission to plant potatoes on my own plot which I am not using, which is four fifth of a hectare, and also legally this plot belonged to the official, actually these ex kulaks planted their poratoes and kept the profit. This official was the acountant of the village soviet. And in addition his father augmented his income by working in a neighboring apiary, Some of the officials were sympathetic to us, but it was not easy for them to do very much because the party would say, say you are lending a helpful hand to kulaks.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 14, Case 240 (interviewer A.P., type A4). Male, 27-28, Great Russian, Student. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 72. 72

I understood that this kulak did not exist. I saw that these were the same kind of peasants as we were. Later all this became linked in my mind with the Party.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 2, Case 13 (interviewer K.G., type A3). Male, 32, Great Russian, Factory worker. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 15. 17

At the time of the de-kulakization, in 1931 and 1932. My father was a peasant, but he was not a kulak. A kulak had a big property, had a lot. But they took away all our property, including our only cow. Since we had nothing we decided to enroll in kolkhoz.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 23, Case 470 (interviewer M.F., type A4). Male, 37, Great Russian, Engineer. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 46. 47

The materials to build were so cheap but still they had no initiative. (8) There was a partisan, a former kulak, you must realize that kulaks usually had more initiative, he came to us in 1930. He fled the dekulakization campaign and he had gotten rid of all the property he had.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 4, Case 32 (interviewer J.R., type A3). Male, over 52, Great Russian, In exile or in concentration camp. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 7. 7

But before telling you about life in the camps I would like to tell you about the exiled kulaks with whom I lived when I was in exile in the Akmolinak-region, north-west of lake Balkash. This was from 1933 - 1935, kulaks were ordered to the Ob-river area, the Enisei-river area, and to Karaganda, and in the Lena-river area as well as in the Komi autonomous republics.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 16, Case 323 (interviewer R.F., type A4). Male, 33, Ukrainian, Doctor. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 10. 10

If his father were a member of the Party, the punishment of his son will be lighter. If the father was a kulak or a merchant, or if he had been a member of some other party in the past, the affair would end very badly. (For both the father and the son?)

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 16, Case 323 (interviewer R.F., type A4). Male, 33, Ukrainian, Doctor. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 48. 48

They were the ones who, during the collectivization, took away people's property, exiled hundreds of thousands of them, kulaks and non-kulaks - they deserve to be sent to the same concentration camps where they sent others. Perhaps that would be the best idea: they should be made to change places with those whom they sent into exile.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 34, Case 148/(NY)1398 (interviewer W.T., type A4). Female, 45, Ukrainian, Railroad worker. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 2. 2

#148 WT HARVARD UNIVERSITY REFUGEE INTERVIEW PROJECT -2- (NY) 1398 TERMINAL SHEET DATA 1 Like. 2a About the same as most DP's I've spoken to or heard of. The respondent is a wife of a former "kulak" and a daughter of a former "kulak". She was persecuted in the Soviet Union. 2b Biased on only few items. The respondent is a simple woman but honest and objective. 2c The respondent is shy but nervous and excited while telling about her expulsion from her farm, her house and kolkhoz during the collectivization. 3 The respondent works as a cleaner at night.