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Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 29, Case 633 (interviewer R.S., type A4). Female, 58, Ukrainian, Disadvantaged worker, all sorts of jobs. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 11. 11

# 633 RS HARVARD UNIVERSITY REFUGEE INTERVIEW PROJECT -11- Family Section taught otherwise in school, but I tried to correct these teachings. She cried once because she had been called a kulak's daughter in school. She was not taken into the Komsomol. But I explained to her how we worshipped God in our home and that this was the right way to live.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule B, Vol. 10, Case 143 (interviewer A.D.). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 5. 5

On the German side, those "repressed" by the Soviets were not given any privileges. But former kulaks who had migrated into town, now could and did return home and and got their hut back and were usually given the right to use a cow (this was put through by the volost'); usually the general meeting in the village simply assigned (vydelialo) him material to construct a house and bought him a cart from the village money.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 22, Case 452 (interviewer R.F., type A4). Male, 27, Great Russian, Pilot (wartime), and apprentice tokar. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 52. 56

(Is everybody who applies for membership and who does not have any marks against him accepted?) No. If someone in the family was a kulak or if your brother has been in jail or is still in jail, they might not take you in. (But if you have no marks like these against you, then you will be accepted.)

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule B, Vol. 7, Case 21 (interviewer M.L.). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 1. 1

I think this was the basis of my being arrested. I came from a wealthy family. Father was a Kulak and in addition, was a political leader, a burgomeister of the village before he revolution. He died in 1927, an old man of 80.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 7, Case 97 (interviewer M.L., type A4). Female, 36, Ukrainian, Salesgirl, house-keeper (maid?). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 11. 11

Most families lived in fear of speaking to each other. They feared each other. Families who were Kulaks lived in fear. They had to follow orders. They had to work where they were told to work otherwise they would be sent to Sibiria and die of hunger

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule B, Vol. 7, Case 24 (interviewer M.L.). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 17. 17

The Policies of the Party: At this time of collectivization they carried on a battle against the kulaks. They acted in this respect on orders from Moscow. However, before the collectivization was introduced, from 1925 to about 1926 or 1927, they introduced the "tos" (equals dust) - a small group of about ten to fifteen persons who organized themselves into a communal group for work.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 32, Case 643/(NY)1215 (interviewer J.F., type A4). Male, 50, Ukrainian, Driver. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 24. 24

(among whom there was a Red partisan who executed with his own hand more than 600 "kulaks". RespondenT'anote) and strangled Marya's whole family.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule B, Vol. 9, Case 375 (interviewer M.L.). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 2. 2

Up to 1929, he worked for others, saved some money, and bought a small vineyard. In 1929 this was confiscated and he, being classified as a kulak, was exiled with his family to the mountains of northern Armenia. In March 1931 there was an uprising against collectivization and the regime in these mountains.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule B, Vol. 7, Case 21 (interviewer M.L.). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 8. 8

Some opposed collectivization and as a consequence earned for themselves the name of kulak or podkulachnik, that is, those who sympathized with the kulks though they might be poor peasants. (The Don Kalmyks were not nomadic.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule B, Vol. 7, Case 21 (interviewer M.L.). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 6. 6

In the Kalmyk republic, the right deviation said that the peasants are not alien to the Soviet system, that they could grow into socialism. They were not hostile to the kulaks. The left deviation stated that all the peasants were bourgeois counterrevolutionary elements. The peasant was essentially a private owner who had to be destroyed and the country had to be industrialized.