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Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 14, Case 266 (interviewer J.O., type A4). Female, 37, Armenian, Musician, housekeeper. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 27. 27

Many members of the Communist Party were forced to join: e.g. a former Kulak might have been sent to Siberia to a concentration camp, and then into the army and to the front, where he earned a decoration: then if he is invited to become a member of the Communist Party and refuses to join, they will say "Oh, he was a Kulak, and is against the rgime," and it will be extremely difficult for him after that.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 27, Case 528 (interviewer A.P., type A4). Male, 24, Ukrainian, In school, then soldier. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 20. 20

(Wouldn't it make any difference whether say you would have been the son of a kulak or of a worker or of an employee instead of having your origin?) Yes, in general. The son of a landholder or of a kulak couldn't get too easy into higher schools.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 27, Case 522 (interviewer A.D., type A4). Male, 38, Great Russian, Radio technician. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 9. 9

Yes, in the army there are many. For instance, the senior lieutenant I worked for was a son of a kulak who had been exiled to Siberia. But he had concealed that fact.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 16, Case 319 (interviewer M.F., type A4). Male, 25, Tatar. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 26. 26

THE FACT THAT HE WAS ALWAYS INSULTED, TREATED BADLY BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT HE WAS THE SON OF A KULAK HAS IN MY MIND PLAYED A VERY GREAT ROLE IN HIS POTENTIAL DISAFFECTION. WE SEE THAT HIS FAMILY WANTED TO BE ADMITTED TO THE KOLKHOZE BECAUSE OUTSIDE THE KOLKHOZE IT WAS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE FOR THEM TO LIVE.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 3, Case 27 (interviewer H.D., type A2). Male, 26, Great Russian, Kolkhoznik. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 23. 22

We lived very well, my father earned quite a good deal of money, but he was classified as a kulak, mostly because of his grandfather, (that is the respondent's grandfather) who was a wholesale dealer in the village in agricultural products.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 3, Case 27 (interviewer H.D., type A2). Male, 26, Great Russian, Kolkhoznik. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 24. 23

And they kept on moving us from one house to another. Many times, a lot of these ex-kulak families would have to live 6 or 7 families in one house with one stove. My brothers tried to help us, but actually they were afraid to show their faces in our house.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 19, Case 385 (interviewer R.F., type A4). Male 39, Great Russian, Supervisor of children's affairs in State institutions. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 28. 28

And mind you, my father was a Kulak- " At that point Stalin, who was attending this session, interrupted and said, "A son is not answerable for his father." These words decided everything.

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 25, Case 483 (interviewer J.R., type A4). Male, 28, Great Russian, Occupation: none in Soviet Union. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 66. 66

The father was arrested for having deserted from the Red Army in 1920, and also for having been a kulak, and he sat two years in a concentration camp. The mother was also arrested, and served three months at forced labor although her sentence was originally for one

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule B, Vol. 20, Case 356 (interviewer R.F.). Widener Library, Harvard University. page 19. 17

Every peasant who opposed collectivization, whether he were a poor peasant or whatever, belonged to that group, and the same measures were applied to them as had been applied to the kulaks. (R 1, T 1.)

 

Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Schedule A, Vol. 8, Case 107 (interviewer A.D., type A4). Female, 57, Great Russian, Peasant, housewife, unskilled worker. Widener Library, Harvard University. page 9. 9

(The general mode of presentation of respondent's answers reveals a sort of cooperative solidarity for the kulaks as a class. She mentioned the terms kulaks as something praiseworthy.) (5) In the factory we worked until 1936. There were a number of party workers, but we ourselves never were, and we didn't let our children join the Komsomol.